Cancer-associated fibroblasts secrete CSF3 to promote TNBC progression via enhancing PGM2L1-dependent glycolysis reprogramming.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by a pronounced hypoxic tumor microenvironment, with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) serving as the predominant cellular component and playing crucial roles in regulating tumor progression. However, the mechanism by which CAFs affect the biological behavior of tumor cells in hypoxic environment remain elusive. This study employed a bead-based multiplex immunoassay to analyze a panel of cytokines/chemokines and identified colony stimulating factor 3 (CSF3) as a significantly elevated component in the secretome of hypoxic CAFs. We found that CSF3 promoted the invasive behavior of TNBC cells by activating the downstream signaling pathway of its receptor, CSF3R. RNA sequencing analysis further revealed that phosphoglucomutase 2-like 1 (PGM2L1) is a downstream target of the CSF3/CSF3R signaling, enhancing the glycolysis pathway and providing energy to support the malignant phenotype of breast cancer. In vivo, we further confirmed that CSF3 promotes TNBC progression by targeting PGM2L1. These findings suggest that targeting CSF3/CSF3R may represent a potential therapeutic approach for TNBC.