Enhancing PMMA properties: a comprehensive study of nanographene oxide and Boron nitride impact through In-Vitro analysis.

BACKGROUND: Polymethylmethacrylate is a commonly used biomaterial in dentistry. Although the material have been used for several years it has some limitations with respect to physical and mechanical properties. Researchers are exploring the potential of novel nanomaterials like nanographene oxide (nGO) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) to be used as a reinforcing agent. Therefore, the current investigation sought to evaluated physical, chemical, mechanical and antimicrobial potential of PMMA reinforced with nGO and hBN alone and synergistically as well. METHODS: Four different groups were prepared including the control group (G1)0.2.5 wt% nGO was added to the liquid component (G2), 1 wt% hBN was added to the powder component (G3) and 2.5 wt % nGO with 1 wt % hBN combined (G4.) The resulting nanocomposite were characterized using microhardness, flexural and compressive strength analysis, contact angle analysis and degree of conversion was also calculated using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The antimicrobial efficacy was assessed against Candida albicans. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the difference between the groups. One-way ANOVA was performed followed by Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons between the groups. RESULTS: The addition of nGO (17.67 ± 2.41 HV) ( p > 0.001) significantly increased the microhardness compared to the unmodified PMMA (15.91 ± 1.57 HV) (p > 0.001).The addition of both, nGO and hBN enhanced hydrophilicity (61.4° ± 2.36) and the surface roughness. Degree of conversion was found to be less than the control specimens for all experimental groups. G2 showed significantly less Candida albicans attachment compared to G1 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The synergistic effect of nGO and hBN on PMMA shows promise for enhancing wettability and antimicrobial properties. However, the trade-off with lower polymerization conversion and increased roughness needs to be addressed. Future work could focus on optimizing the composition and processing conditions to maximize beneficial properties while minimizing negative impacts on physiochemical, mechanical performance and microbial adhesion.