Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized metastatic melanoma care, yet many patients remain unresponsive. The tumor microenvironment (TME), shaped by metabolic stress, influences tumor antigenicity and ICB sensitivity. Here, we show that prolonged metabolic stress enhances melanoma antigen presentation via epigenetic mechanisms. Glucose-deprived melanoma cells, mimicking the nutrient-deprived TME, exhibit increased major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression and heightened T cell-mediated killing. Proteomic and chromatin analyses reveal that metabolic stress reduces histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), leading to H3K27me3 loss at MHC-I regulatory genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing and ChIP-PCR reveal H3K27me3 loss at genes specific to MHC-I presentation. Prolonged metabolic stress transcriptionally reduces EZH2 and H3K27me3 at these promoters, elevating MHC-I antigenicity and CD8+ T cell killing. These findings suggest EZH2 abundance and mutation status as potential prognostic indicators for ICB responsiveness in metastatic melanoma and support EZH2 inhibition as an immunotherapy adjuvant.