Oral thin film containing rice husk liquid smoke effects on the expression of key cytokines and growth factors in a periodontitis model.

BACKGROUND: Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key pathogen in periodontitis, which involves inflammation and alveolar bone loss. An imbalance of cytokines and growth factors contributes to disease progression. Rice husk liquid smoke has shown potential antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to formulate and characterize an oral thin film (OTF) containing rice husk liquid smoke and evaluate its antibacterial activity and biological effects in a periodontitis model. METHODS: OTFs were prepared using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, gelatin, sorbitol, and rice husk liquid smoke via solvent casting. The OTF were characterized for weight, thickness, swelling, disintegration, dissolution, and antibacterial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis. For in vivo testing, periodontitis was induced in 28 Wistar rats. OTFs were applied to periodontal pockets. Mandibular tissues were collected on days 2 and 7 for immunohistochemical analysis of IL-6, IL-10, FGF-2, and BMP-2 expression. RESULTS: The OTFs showed favorable physical properties, including low weight, appropriate thickness, and faster disintegration and dissolution times (p < 0.05). Both OTF and blank films inhibited Porphyromonas gingivalis growth. OTF treatment significantly decreased IL-6 and increased IL-10, FGF-2, and BMP-2 expression at both time points (p < 0.05), indicating reduced inflammation and enhanced tissue regeneration. CONCLUSION: The OTF containing rice husk liquid smoke exhibited strong antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for periodontitis.