Abstract
Background:
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), with neuroinflammation playing a critical role in the secondary cell death that exacerbates the initial injury. While targeting neuroinflammation holds significant therapeutic promise, clinical trials of available anti-inflammatory agents have fallen short. 3-Mono-thiopomalidomide (3-MP), a novel immunomodulatory imide drug (IMiD), was designed to curb inflammation without the adverse effects of traditional IMiDs and was evaluated across models involving neuroinflammation.
Methods:
3-MP anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated across cellular (RAW 264.7, IMG cells) and mouse studies following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenge (for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines), and mice subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). 3-MP human cereblon binding, including neosubstrate and molecular modeling evaluation, as well as chicken teratogenicity, ex vivo mouse and human stability studies, and mouse pharmacokinetics were appraised.
Results:
3-MP binds human cereblon, a key protein in the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, without triggering downstream cascades leading to thalidomide-like teratogenicity in chicken embryos. 3-MP reduces pro-inflammatory markers in LPS-stimulated mouse macrophage and microglial cell cultures, and lowers pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels in plasma and brain of mice challenged with systemic LPS without lowering anti-inflammatory IL-10. 3-MP readily enters brain following systemic administration, and achieves a brain/plasma concentration ratio of 0.44-0.47. 3-MP mitigates behavioral impairments and reduces activation of astrocytes and microglia in mice challenged with CCI TBI.
Conclusion:
3-MP represents a promising new class of thalidomide-like IMiDs with potent anti-inflammatory effects that offers potential for treating TBI and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases possessing a prominent neuroinflammatory component.
Keywords:
Cereblon; Immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs); Microglia; Neurodegeneration; Neuroinflammation; Pomalidomide; Spalt like transcription factor 4 (SALL4); Teratogenicity; Traumatic brain injury.