Integrating computational methods and i n vitro experimental validation reveals the pharmacological mechanism of Selaginella bryopteris (L.) Baker targeting major proteins in breast cancer.

Breast cancer remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic options. The present study employs an integrated approach encompassing network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and in-vitro validation to investigate the potential of Selaginella bryopteris in breast cancer treatment. Initial network pharmacology analysis revealed different potential targets and pathways associated with breast cancer that could be modulated by S. bryopteris phytochemical constituents. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations further elucidated the stability and dynamics of protein-ligand complexes (lanaroflavone-EGFR and sequoiaflavone-CTNNB1). The in-vitro assays demonstrated the ability of S. bryopteris crude extract to inhibit cancer cell growth (IC(50) - 78.34 μg/mL) migration and invasion, supporting the computational predictions. The integrated approach employed in the present study offers a robust framework for the systematic exploration of S. bryopteris in drug discovery as a promising candidate for breast cancer treatment.