Assessment of Bone Age Based on Hand Radiographs Using Regression-Based Multi-Modal Deep Learning.

(1) Objective: In this study, a regression-based multi-modal deep learning model was developed for use in bone age assessment (BAA) utilizing hand radiographic images and clinical data, including patient gender and chronological age, as input data. (2) Methods: A dataset of hand radiographic images from 2974 pediatric patients was used to develop a regression-based multi-modal BAA model. This model integrates hand radiographs using EfficientNetV2S convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and clinical data (gender and chronological age) processed by a simple deep neural network (DNN). This approach enhances the model's robustness and diagnostic precision, addressing challenges related to imbalanced data distribution and limited sample sizes. (3) Results: The model exhibited good performance on BAA, with an overall mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.410, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.637, and accuracy of 91.1%. Subgroup analysis revealed higher accuracy in females ≤ 11 years (MAE: 0.267, RMSE: 0.453, accuracy: 95.0%) and >11 years (MAE: 0.402, RMSE: 0.634, accuracy 92.4%) compared to males ≤ 13 years (MAE: 0.665, RMSE: 0.912, accuracy: 79.7%) and >13 years (MAE: 0.647, RMSE: 1.302, accuracy: 84.6%). (4) Conclusion: This model showed a generally good performance on BAA, showing a better performance in female pediatrics compared to male pediatrics and an especially robust performance in female pediatrics ≤ 11 years.