Gendered farmer perceptions towards soil nutrition and willingness to pay for a cafetière-style filter system for in-situ soil testing: Evidence from Central Kenya.

Soil nutrition is a key pillar in agricultural productivity. However, point-of-need testing for soil nutrition is not readily available in resource-limited settings such as Kenya. We set out to study the perceived need for soil testing among farmers in this country. A group of 547 farmers from Murang'a and Kiambu counties in central Kenya were recruited through multi-stage sampling to help assess the perceptions and willingness to pay (WTP) toward a prototype technology for surveillance of in-situ soil nutrition. The technology is based on a cafetière-style filter system for extraction and a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for nutrient readout. We employed the double bounded choice contingent valuation method (CVM) to analyze the willingness of farmers to accept and pay for the prototype if the technology was available on the market. It was found that currently, only 1.5 % of farmers carry out soil testing. The high costs of analysis at testing centers, which are often far from the farmers, are among the main reasons contributing to the majority of farmers not testing their soils. The farmers surveyed were generally willing to make their soil data publicly accessible, especially to extension officers. CVM showed that uncontrolled WTP had a 94.24 % premium above KSh1,000 ($6.60) incurred by using the existing rapid testing method. Factoring the control variables and disaggregating the model into gender categories, the findings showed that youth, women, and men had WTP values of KSh1,612.53 ($10.75), KSh1,558.68 ($10.39), and KSh1,504.83 ($10.03), respectively, indicating that farmers can indeed pay for the convenience to test their soils in situ. Through the democratization of soil nutrition data, extension agents can enhance the improvement of agricultural productivity, which implies that farmers can commercialize their agricultural activities.