Assessment of natural radioactivity levels and hazard indicators in Tarakeshwor Municipality, Nepal through in-situ technique and multivariate analysis.

The evaluation of primordial radionuclide concentrations in rapidly urbanized and concrete-laden areas through the importation of construction materials from various regions of Nepal is both important and essential. This study utilized a portable gamma-ray spectrometer (PGIS 2) to analyze the distribution of three natural radionuclides: uranium ((238)U), thorium ((232)Th), and potassium ((40)K) in Tarakeshwor Municipality, Kathmandu, Nepal. The measured dose rates ranged from 70.22 nSv hr(-1) to 163.66 nSv hr(-1), with an average of 124.65±20.29 nSv hr(-1), surpassing the global average of 59 nSv hr(-1). The activity concentrations of (40)K, (238)U, and (232)Th exceeded global averages, indicating relatively higher natural radioactivity concentrations in the region. Specifically, the average values for (40)K, (238)U, and (232)Th were 935.26±172.30 Bq kg(-1), 80.47±15.53 Bq kg(-1), and 80.44±18.58 Bq kg(-1), respectively. The calculated radium equivalent (Raeq) ranged from 132.26 to 351.22 Bq kg(-1), and the annual gonadal equivalent dose (AGED) varied from 372.61 to 1028.81 μSv yr(-1). The annual effective dose rates for indoor and outdoor environments were 0.54±0.09 mSv yr(-1) and 0.15±0.03 mSv yr(-1), respectively, both exceeding the global average. The representative level index (RLI) within the study area averaged 1.96±0.32, indicating an elevated radiation risk. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) values for outdoor and indoor environments were 0.52 × 10-3 ±0.09  × 10-3 and 1.87  × 10-3 ±0.31 × 10-3, respectively, surpassing the world average. Additionally, external hazard indices (Hex) ranged from 0.36 to 0.59, while internal hazard indices (Hin) ranged from 0.38 to 1.20, both indicating values higher than UNSCEAR recommendations. These findings underscore the necessity for further experimental analysis employing ex-situ equipment. The data generated in this study can provide a valuable baseline for future assessments and interventions in radiation risk management guidelines within the country.