Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling induces the formation of Lys63-linked ubiquitin (K63-Ub) chains, which are thought to activate the 'master' protein kinase TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) by interacting with its TAK1-binding 2 (TAB2) and TAB3 subunits. Here, we report that IL-1β can also activate the TAB1-TAK1 heterodimer present in TAB2/TAB3 double knockout (DKO) IL-1 receptor-expressing cells. The IL-1β-dependent activation of the TAB1-TAK1 heterodimer in TAB2/3 DKO cells is required for the expression and E3 ligase activity of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and is reduced by the small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of ubiquitin conjugating 13 (Ubc13), an E2-conjugating enzyme that directs the formation of K63-Ub chains. IL-1β signaling was restored to TAB1/2/3 triple KO cells by the re-expression of either TAB1 or TAB2, but not by an ubiquitin binding-defective mutant of TAB2. We conclude that IL-1β can induce the activation of TAK1 in two ways, only one of which requires the binding of K63-Ub chains to TAB2/3. The early IL-1β-stimulated, TAK1-dependent activation of p38α mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and the canonical IκB kinase (IKK) complex, as well as the NF-κB-dependent transcription of immediate early genes, was similar in TAB2/3 DKO cells and TAB2/3-expressing cells. However, in contrast with TAB2/3-expressing cells, IL-1β signaling was transient in TAB2/3 DKO cells, and the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), JNK2 and p38γ was greatly reduced at all times. These observations indicate a role for TAB2/3 in directing the TAK1-dependent activation of MAP kinase kinases that switch on JNK1/2 and p38γ MAP kinases. These observations and the transient activation of the TAB1-TAK1 heterodimer may explain why IL-1β-dependent IL-8 mRNA formation was abolished in TAB2/3 DKO cells.