Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Kinetic Studies of Β-Cyclodextrin Crosslinked with Lignin for Drug Delivery.

β-Cyclodextrin was attached to lignin/lignin crosslinked by epichlorohydrin and served as a drug delivery matrix. Ketoconazole and piroxicam were added into the polymeric matrix as antifungal and anti-inflammatory agents, respectively. The percentage of drug retained ranged from 48.4% to 58.4% for ketoconazole and piroxicam, respectively. It was found that their tensile strengths increased with decreasing particle size, ranging between 59% and 71% for lignin crosslinked with β-cyclodextrin base matrix (LCD). Depending on the polymeric matrix, the drug release kinetics fit well in the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, with or without Fickian diffusion. From the materials based on the mixture of epoxidized lignin and β-cyclodextrin, the medicines were released more slowly (the release rate constant presents lower values ranging between 1.117 and 1.783), as compared with those comprising LCD (2.210-4.824). The materials were also demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity. The antioxidant activity of LCD loaded with piroxicam was found to be 23.9% greater than that of the base matrix (LCD). These findings could be useful towards β-cyclodextrin attached to lignin formulation development of drug carriers with antioxidant activity.