Real-Time Observation of Clickable Cyanotoxin Synthesis in Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii.

Recently, the use of click chemistry for localization of chemically modified cyanopeptides has been introduced, i.e., taking advantage of promiscuous adenylation (A) domains in non-ribosomal peptide synthesis (NRPS), allowing for the incorporation of clickable non-natural amino acids (non-AAs) into their peptide products. In this study, time-lapse experiments have been performed using pulsed feeding of three different non-AAs in order to observe the synthesis or decline of azide- or alkyne-modified microcystins (MCs) or anabaenopeptins (APs). The cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii were grown under maximum growth rate conditions (r = 0.35-0.6 and 0.2-0.4 (day(-1)), respectively) in the presence of non-AAs for 12-168 h. The decline of the azide- or alkyne-modified MC or AP was observed via pulse-feeding. In general, the increase in clickable MC/AP in peptide content reached a plateau after 24-48 h and was related to growth rate, i.e., faster-growing cells also produced more clickable MC/AP. Overall, the proportion of clickable MC/AP in the intracellular fraction correlated with the proportion observed in the dissolved fraction. Conversely, the overall linear decrease in clickable MC/AP points to a rather constant decline via dilution by growth instead of a regulated or induced release in the course of the synthesis process.