Altering the linker in processive GH5 endoglucanase 1 modulates lignin binding and catalytic properties.

BACKGROUND: The non-productive adsorption of cellulases onto lignin in biomass is a key issue for the biofuel process economy. It would be helpful to reduce the inhibitory effect of lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis by engineering weak lignin-binding cellulases. Cellulase linkers are highly divergent in their lengths, compositions, and glycosylations. Numerous studies have revealed that linkers can facilitate optimal interactions between structured domains. Recently, efforts have focused on the contributions and mechanisms of carbohydrate-binding modules and catalytic domains that affect lignin affinity and processivity of cellulases, but our understanding of the effects of the linker regions on lignin adsorption and processivity of GH5 processive endoglucanases is still limited. RESULTS: Eight GH5 endoglucanase 1 variants of varying length, flexibility, and sequence in the linker region were constructed. Their characteristics were then compared to the wild-type enzyme (EG1). Remarkably, significant differences in the lignin adsorption profiles and processivities were observed for EG1 and other variants. Our studies suggest that either the length or the specific amino acid composition of the linker has a prominent influence on the lignin-binding affinity of the enzymes. Comparatively, the processivity may depend primarily on the length of the linker and less so on the specific amino acid composition. EG1-ApCel5A, a variant with better performance in enzymatic hydrolysis in the presence of lignin, was obtained by replacing a longer, flexible linker. In total, up to between 28.2 and 30.1% more reducing sugars were generated from filter paper by EG1-ApCel5A in the presence of lignin compared to EG1. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the relevance of the linker region in the lignin adsorption and processivity of a processive endoglucanase. Our findings suggest that the linker region may be used as a target for the design of more active and weaker lignin-binding cellulases.