The spatial correlation network and formation mechanism of water resource utilisation efficiency in cities in the Yellow River Basin.

Exploring the spatial correlation network and formation mechanism of urban water resource utilisation efficiency in the Yellow River Basin is crucial for modernising national ecological security capacities and promoting high-quality economic development. It contributes to environmental protection, enhances model precision, and strengthens theoretical foundations. Based on panel data from 94 cities in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2021, this study employs a modified gravity model, stochastic frontier analysis, kernel density estimation, social network analysis, and the Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) regression to examine the characteristics and determinants of the spatial correlation network. The results reveal a consistent upward trend in water resource utilisation efficiency, with a spatial hierarchy of downstream > midstream > upstream. The network demonstrates significant spatial correlation effects, although its density slightly decreased from 0.1166 in 2010 to 0.1161 in 2021, indicating notable regional spillover effects. Geographical proximity, industrial structure, and informatisation significantly promote the formation of the spatial correlation network, while per capita GDP, openness to the outside world, and technological innovation have negative impacts. The findings provide important insights and policy implications for improving water resource governance in the region.