Defect states and kinetic parameter analysis of ZnAl(2)O(4) nanocrystals by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermoluminescence.

Defect states in ZnAl(2)O(4) have a significant role in its applicability as a luminescent material. To understand the nature and distribution of defects in its crystal lattice, thermoluminescence (TL) study has been carried out. Excellent TL response is observed from γ- and ultraviolet-irradiated samples at different doses and exposure durations, respectively. Different type of fuels employed in combustion synthesis show a remarkable effect on the trap distribution and hence luminescence properties. Shallow and deep traps are observed in crystals attributed to O(-) vacancies and F(+) centers. The mechanism of trapping, retrapping and recombination have been depicted through schematic band model diagram. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated the presence of various types of defects specifically Al(Zn) antisite defect, oxygen and zinc vacancies which are further upheld by photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy. All results when summed up, predict ZnAl(2)O(4) to be a quality material for dosimetry.