MICU1 and MICU2 control mitochondrial calcium signaling in the mammalian heart.

Activating Ca(2+)-sensitive enzymes of oxidative metabolism while preventing calcium overload that leads to mitochondrial and cellular injury requires dynamic control of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake. This is ensured by the mitochondrial calcium uptake (MICU)1/2 proteins that gate the pore of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (mtCU). MICU1 is relatively sparse in the heart, and recent studies claimed the mammalian heart lacks MICU1 gating of mtCU. However, genetic models have not been tested. We find that MICU1 is present in a complex with MCU in nonfailing human hearts. Furthermore, using murine genetic models and pharmacology, we show that MICU1 and MICU2 control cardiac mitochondrial Ca(2+) influx, and that MICU1 deletion alters cardiomyocyte mitochondrial calcium signaling and energy metabolism. MICU1 loss causes substantial compensatory changes in the mtCU composition and abundance, increased turnover of essential MCU regulator (EMRE) early on and, later, of MCU, that limit mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and allow cell survival. Thus, both the primary consequences of MICU1 loss and the ensuing robust compensation highlight MICU1's relevance in the beating heart.