Transdifferentiation of plasmatocytes to crystal cells in the lymph gland of Drosophila melanogaster.

Under homeostatic conditions, haematopoiesis in Drosophila larvae occurs in the lymph gland and sessile haemocyte clusters to produce two functionally and morphologically different cells: plasmatocytes and crystal cells. It is well-established that in the lymph gland both cell types stem from a binary decision of the medullary prohaemocyte precursors. However, in sessile clusters and dorsal vessel, crystal cells have been shown to originate from the transdifferentiation of plasmatocytes in a Notch/Serrate-dependent manner. We show that transdifferentiation occurs also in the lymph gland. In vivo phagocytosis assays confirm that cortical plasmatocytes are functionally differentiated phagocytic cells. We uncover a double-positive population in the cortical zone that lineage-tracing and long-term live imaging experiments show will differentiate into crystal cells. The reduction of Notch levels within the lymph gland plasmatocyte population reduces crystal cell number. This extension of a transdifferentiation mechanism reinforces the growing role of haematopoietic plasticity in maintaining homeostasis in Drosophila and vertebrate systems. Future work should test the regulation and relative contribution of these two processes under different immunological and/or metabolic conditions.