Understanding the Synthesis of Turbostratic/Flash Graphene via Joule Heating.

The introduction of the Joule heating (JH) method for synthesizing turbostratic graphene has attracted considerable attention from researchers due to its promising potential for commercialization compared to earlier techniques. Numerous studies have outlined the technology's basic operation and how parameters such as electric field, operating time, and temperature influence the quality and type of graphene produced. Despite this, there is still a lack of concise and comprehensive studies that exclusively focus on the JH method with turbostratic graphene as the target product. This review article is a facile attempt to provide the scientific community with an overview of the historical development and operational principles of Joule heating. It also discusses the structural and fundamental differences between turbostratic and conventional graphene, along with methodologies for characterizing turbostratic graphene. Furthermore, the synthesis mechanisms of turbostratic graphene via JH are analyzed, and the future perspectives for advancing this method are also presented.