Abstract
Targeted integration of transgenes can be achieved by strategies based on homologous recombination (HR), microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). The more generally used HR is inefficient for achieving gene integration in animal embryos and tissues, because it occurs only during cell division, although MMEJ and NHEJ can elevate the efficiency in some systems. Here we devise a homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ)-based strategy, using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated cleavage of both transgene donor vector that contains guide RNA target sites and ∼800 bp of homology arms, and the targeted genome. We found no significant improvement of the targeting efficiency by the HMEJ-based method in either mouse embryonic stem cells or the neuroblastoma cell line, N2a, compared to the HR-based method. However, the HMEJ-based method yielded a higher knock-in efficiency in HEK293T cells, primary astrocytes and neurons. More importantly, this approach achieved transgene integration in mouse and monkey embryos, as well as in hepatocytes and neurons in vivo, with an efficiency much greater than HR-, NHEJ- and MMEJ-based strategies. Thus, the HMEJ-based strategy may be useful for a variety of applications, including gene editing to generate animal models and for targeted gene therapies.