Potent activity of prostaglandin J(2) on prostanoid DP receptors.

Prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)), an anti-inflammatory mediator, is acting through Gs-protein coupled D-type prostanoid (DP) receptors. DP receptors are not extensively distributed; in tissues, they are the least abundant among members of the prostanoid receptor family, whereas their primary ligand PGD(2) is the main prostanoid in most tissues. PGD(2) is dehydrated or isomerized to a number of metabolites enzymatically or nonenzymatically. To understand why many metabolites of PGD(2) are produced via different pathways, regular cell-based experiments, Black/Leff operational model calculations, and in silico simulations were utilized. Here we show that, among the five metabolites of PGD(2), prostaglandin J(2) (PGJ(2)) was the most potent metabolite for DP receptors, particularly in the cAMP signaling pathway. This result was attributed to PGJ(2) forming an extra and/or stronger hydrogen bond by more negatively charged carbonyl in the cyclopentene ring with DP receptors than PGD(2). Therefore, when PGD(2) is released into the blood, it would activate DP receptors, which are then continuously activated by PGJ(2) to sustain the DP receptor/cAMP-mediated signaling pathway. Thus, the anti-inflammatory effects of PGD(2) may be taken over/out competed and/or even enhanced by PGJ(2). Here, PGJ(2) was found to be a standout mediator of cAMP-mediated signaling pathway, which induces more potent and prolonged DP receptor activities as a biased ligand, possibly for resolving the inflammatory reaction. Moreover, since each metabolite showed different properties, these results provide insight into why many metabolites of PGD(2) are produced and the miscellaneous physiological roles induced by the main prostanoid in most tissues through the least abundant DP receptors.