Arabidopsis Actin-Binding Protein WLIM2A Links PAMP-Triggered Immunity and Cytoskeleton Organization.

Arabidopsis LIM proteins are named after the initials of three proteins Lin-11, Isl-1, and MEC-3, which belong to a class of transcription factors that play an important role in the developmental regulation of eukaryotes and are also involved in a variety of life processes, including gene transcription, the construction of the cytoskeleton, signal transduction, and metabolic regulation. Plant LIM proteins have been shown to regulate actin bundling in different cells, but their role in immunity remains elusive. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of conserved serine/threonine protein kinases that link upstream receptors to their downstream targets. Pathogens produce pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that trigger the activation of MAPK cascades in plants. Recently, we conducted a large-scale phosphoproteomic analysis of PAMP-induced Arabidopsis plants to identify putative MAPK targets. One of the identified phospho-proteins was WLIM2A, an Arabidopsis LIM protein. In this study, we investigated the role of WLIM2A in plant immunity. We employed a reverse-genetics approach and generated wlim2a knockout lines using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. We also generated complementation and phosphosite-mutated WLIM2A expression lines in the wlim2a background. The wlim2a lines were compromised in their response to Pseudomonas syringae Pst DC3000 but showed enhanced resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinereae. Transcriptome analyses of wlim2a mutants revealed the deregulation of immune hormone biosynthesis and signaling of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) pathways. The wlim2a mutants also exhibited altered stomatal phenotypes. Analysis of plants expressing WLIM2A variants of the phospho-dead or phospho-mimicking MAPK phosphorylation site showed opposing stomatal behavior and resistance phenotypes in response to Pst DC3000 infection, proving that phosphorylation of WLIM2A plays a crucial role in plant immunity. Overall, these data demonstrate that phosphorylation of WLIM2A by MAPKs regulates Arabidopsis responses to plant pathogens.