g-C(3)N(4) Modified with Metal Sulfides for Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C(3)N(4)) proved to be a promising semiconductor for the photocatalytic degradation of various organic pollutants. However, its efficacy is limited by a fast electron hole recombination, a restricted quantity of active sites, and a modest absorption in the visible range. To overcome these limitations, g-C(3)N(4)-Bi(2)S(3) and g-C(3)N(4)-ZnS composites were effectively produced utilizing a starch-assisted technique. The findings from FT-IR, XRD, EDX, XPS, BET, SEM, and TEM demonstrated that the enhanced photocatalytic activity of g-C(3)N(4)-Bi(2)S(3) and g-C(3)N(4)-ZnS composites was primarily due to their improved photocarrier separation and transfer rates. The photocatalyst facilitated the aerobic photocatalytic degradation of colorless contaminants such as coumarin and para-nitrophenol (4-NP). For the decomposition of 4-NP, g-C(3)N(4)-Bi(2)S(3) exhibited a maximum efficiency of 90.86% in UV light and 16.78% in visible light, with rate constants of 0.29 h(-)(1) and 0.016 h(-)(1), respectively. In contrast, g-C(3)N(4)-ZnS demonstrated a maximum efficiency of 100% in UV light and 15.1% in visible light, with rate constants of 0.57 h(-)(1) and 0.018 h(-)(1), respectively. The bioinspired synthesis combined with the modification with metal sulfides proved to considerably enhance the photocatalytic activity of g-C(3)N(4), increasing its potential for practical applicability in environmentally friendly water treatment systems for the efficient removal of recalcitrant organic contaminants.