Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to cause many types of DNA lesions that could be converted into cancer-promoting genetic alterations. Evidence showed that tumor suppressor p53 plays an important role in regulating the generation of cellular ROS, either by reducing oxidative stress under physiological and mildly stressed conditions, or by promoting oxidative stress under highly stressed conditions. In this report we characterized the effect of oxidative stress on the induction of micronuclei, especially the subclass marked by pan-staining of γ-H2AX or MN-γ-H2AX (+). We found that MN-γ-H2AX (+) were more responsive to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) than the MN-γ-H2AX (−). In human and mouse cells that are deficient in p53, the frequency of MN-γ-H2AX (+) is significantly elevated, but can be attenuated by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Depletion of p53-regulated antioxidant gene SESN1 by RNA interference also resulted in an elevation of MN-γ-H2AX (+). Furthermore, we found that in cells that were depleted of p400 by RNAi, and therefore were experiencing increased ROS, the frequency of MN-γ-H2AX (+), but not that of MN-γ-H2AX (−), was significantly induced. We further demonstrated that the induction of MN-γ-H2AX (+) by replication stress can also be attenuated by NAC, and that H2O2 also leads to increased phosphorylation of Chk1 and Rad17 that mimics replication stress, suggesting that replication stress and oxidative stress are intertwined and may reinforce each other in driving genomic instability. Our findings illustrate the importance of p53-regulated redox level in the maintenance of genomic stability.