Hydrogen Sulfide (H(2)S)-Donating Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2) Agonists: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation in Primary Mouse Microglia Culture.

Chronic neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play an important role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, which can ultimately lead to neuronal damage and loss. The mechanisms of sustained neuroinflammation and the coordinated chain of events that initiate, modulate, and then lead to the resolution of inflammation are increasingly being elucidated, offering alternative approaches for treating pathologies with underlying chronic neuroinflammation. Here, we propose a new multitarget approach to address chronic neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders by activating the formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) combined with the potentiation of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) release. FPR2 is a key player in the resolution of inflammation because it mediates the effects of several endogenous pro-resolving mediators. At the same time, H(2)S is an endogenous gaseous transmitter with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties, and it can protect against oxidative stress. Starting from potent FPR2 agonists identified in our laboratories, we prepared hybrid compounds by embedding an H(2)S-donating moiety within the molecular scaffold of these FPR2 agonists. Following this approach, we identified several compounds that combined potent FPR2 agonism with the ability to release H(2)S. The release of H(2)S was assessed in buffer and intracellularly. Compounds 7b and 8b combined potent FPR2 agonist activity, selectivity over FPR1, and the ability to release H(2)S. Compounds 7b and 8b were next studied in murine primary microglial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a widely accepted in vitro model of neuroinflammation. Both compounds were able to counterbalance LPS-induced cytotoxicity and the release of pro-inflammatory (IL-18, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines induced by LPS stimulation.