Phospholipase A2-A Significant Bio-Active Molecule in Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Venom.

Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) is a prevalent molecule in the honeybee venom. Its importance is reflected by the number of scientists focused on studying it from various points of view. This review summarises a significant amount of data concerning this fascinating substance. Firstly, the origin and occurrence of PLA(2), with similarities and differences among species or populations of bees are highlighted. Next, its synthesis, post-translational processing and structural features are described, followed by the PLA(2) availability. In a larger section, the multiple effects of honeybee venom PLA(2) are detailed, starting with the main ability as an enzyme to interact with biological membranes and to hydrolyse the sn-2 ester bond in 1,2-diacyl-sn-3-phosphoglycerides; the docking process, the substrate binding and the catalytic steps are analysed too. Then, the pro-/anti-inflammatory effect and allergenic property, the anticoagulant effect and the involvement of PLA(2) in apoptosis are revised. Selected antiviral, antibiotic and antitumoral effects of PLA(2), as well as its use in immunotherapy are mentioned as beneficial applications. Additionally, the mechanisms of toxicity of PLA(2) are presented in detail. Finally, a number of anti-PLA(2) compounds are enumerated. In each section, the features of the honeybee venom molecule are discussed in relation to PLA(2)s from other species.