Eco-Friendly Alternatives to Toluene-Based 2D Inks for Inkjet and Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing Processes: A Rheological Study.

Green sustainable solvents have emerged as promising alternatives to petroleum-derived options, such as toluene. This study demonstrates the use of cyrene as an effective exfoliation medium for graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS(2)) particles. The incorporation of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) attenuates the shear-thinning behavior of GNP and hBN suspensions, maintaining a constant shear viscosity over a wide range of shear rates regardless of PVP molecular weight. Despite the presence of polymer, elasticity is hindered by inertia effects, making it impossible to accurately measure the extensional relaxation time in the capillary breakup extensional rheometer (CaBER). Assuming the weak elasticity of the formulations has a negligible impact on the breakup mechanism, we estimated droplet sizes for drop-on-demand (DoD) inkjet printing and electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing based on fluid properties, i.e., viscosity, surface tension and density, and nozzle inner diameter (Dnozzle). Results indicate that the droplet size ratio (Ddrop/Dnozzle) in DoD printing can be up to two orders of magnitude higher than the one predicted for EHD jet printing at the same flow rate. This work highlights the potential of cyrene-based 2D inks as eco-friendly alternatives for advanced printing technologies.