Disease prediction by network information gain on a single sample basis.

There are critical transition phenomena during the progression of many diseases. Such critical transitions are usually accompanied by catastrophic disease deterioration, and their prediction is of significant importance for disease prevention and treatment. However, predicting disease deterioration solely based on a single sample is a difficult problem. In this study, we presented the network information gain (NIG) method, for predicting the critical transitions or disease state based on network flow entropy from omics data of each individual. NIG can not only efficiently predict disease deteriorations but also detect their dynamic network biomarkers on an individual basis and further identify potential therapeutic targets. The numerical simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of NIG. Moreover, our method was validated by successfully predicting disease deteriorations and identifying their potential therapeutic targets from four real omics datasets, i.e., an influenza dataset and three cancer datasets.