Voluntary nicotine consumption and reward in a subset of diversity outbred founder strains.

BACKGROUND: Nicotine is largely responsible for the initiation and maintenance of tobacco dependence and contributes to a global health problem. AIMS: This study characterizes nicotine oral consumption and preference in male and female mice of several Diversity Outbred (DO) founder strains: C57BL/6J, A/J, 129S1/SvImJ, PWK/PhJ, NOD/ShiLtJ, and CAST/EiJ. It assesses the impact of nicotine concentration on intake and preference, the potential interaction of strain with sex, and estimates the degree of heritable variation in nicotine consumption. METHODS: Two-bottle choice oral self-administration paradigm was used to assess nicotine intake, nicotine preference, and total fluid intake in male and female mice of each strain in a concentration-response manner. A conditioned place preference (CPP) test was performed to evaluate the rewarding and aversive effects of nicotine in certain strains after systemic administration of the drug. RESULTS: The highest nicotine-consuming strain was found to be 129S1/SvlmJ, and the lowest nicotine-consuming strain was A/J. Strain differences in nicotine intake were not due to differences in bitter and sweet tastes as shown in the saccharine and quinine two-bottle choice tests. A/J strain showed no significant CPP for nicotine while the 129S1/SvImJ strain showed a significant CPP for nicotine and a higher preference when compared to the C57BL/6J strain. Heritability estimates of nicotine intake were sex dependent and concentration dependent. CONCLUSIONS: Data support that nicotine consumption patterns are heritable with an influence of genotype in a voluntary oral self-administration paradigm. Results pave the way for future studies with the highly recombinant DO mice that might lead to the identification of novel genetic loci and genes influencing nicotine consumption.