Caloric restriction reprograms adipose tissues in rhesus monkeys.

Caloric restriction (CR) is a dietary intervention that delays the onset of age-related diseases and enhances survival in diverse organisms, and although changes in adipose tissues have been implicated in the beneficial effects of CR the molecular details are unknown. Here we show shared and depot-specific adaptations to life-long CR in subcutaneous and visceral adipose depots taken from advanced age male rhesus monkeys. Differential gene expression and pathway analysis identified key differences between the depots in metabolic, immune, and inflammatory pathways. In response to CR, RNA processing and proteostasis-related pathways were enriched in both depots but changes in metabolic, growth, and inflammatory pathways were depot-specific. Commonalities and differences that distinguish adipose depots are shared among monkeys and humans and the response to CR is highly conserved. These data reveal depot-specificity in adipose tissue adaptation that likely reflects differences in function and contribution to age-related disease vulnerability.