Self-assembly of Hyaluronic Acid-Cu-Quercetin flavonoid nanoparticles: synergistic chemotherapy to target tumors.

BACKGROUND: In this study, a natural compound quercetin (Qu) was investigated for its various antitumor effects. However, due to its poor water solubility and low bioavailability, its clinical application is limited. To overcome this constraint, a modification was to Qu, which resulted in the creation of novel flavonoid self-assembling nanoparticles (HCQ NPs). METHODS: HCQ NPs were synthesized by a self-assembly method and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, the Malvern Zetasizer instrument, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric method (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared (FITR) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Extracellular, methylene blue spectrophotometric analysis was used to determine the ability of HCQ NPs to react with different concentrations of H(2)O(2) to form hydroxyl radicals ((•)OH). Intracellular, DCFH-DA staining was used to detect the ability of HCQ NPs to react with H(2)O(2) to generate reactive oxygen species. Flow cytometry was used to detect the uptake of HCQ NPs by MDA-MB-231 cells at different time points. The biocompatibility of HCQ NPs was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Calcein AM/PI double staining and the CCK-8 assay were used to evaluate the synergistic antitumor effect of HCQ NPs and H(2)O(2). RESULTS: HCQ NPs showed uniformly sized analogous spherical shapes with a hydrodynamic diameter of 55.36 ± 0.27 nm. XPS revealed that Cu was mainly present as Cu(2+) in the HCQ NPs. UV-vis absorption spectrum of the characteristic peak of HCQ NPs was located at 296 nm. Similarly, FTIR spectroscopy revealed a complex formation of Qu and Cu(2+) that substantially changed the wavenumber of the 4-position C = O characteristic absorption peak. Based on the proportion of Qu and Cu(2+) (1:2), the total drug loading of Qu and Cu(2+) in the HCQ NPs for therapeutic purposes was calculated to be 9%. Methylene blue spectrophotometric analysis of (•)OH indicated that Cu can lead to the generation of (•)OH by triggering Fenton-like reactions. HCQ NPs rapidly accumulated in MDA-MB-231 cells with the extension of time, and the maximum accumulation concentration was reached at about 0.5 h. Calcein AM/PI double staining and CCK-8 revealed synergistic antitumor effects of HCQ NPs including the chemotherapeutic effect of Qu and chemodynamic therapy by Cu(2+) in a simulated tumor microenvironment. HCQ NPs demonstrated very low toxicity in LO2 cells in the biocompatibility experiment. CONCLUSION: This study show cases a new method of creating self-assembled flavonoid HCQ NPs that show great for fighting cancer.