Coordinating capillary infiltration with anodic oxidation: a multi-functional strategy for electrochemical fabrication of graphene.

Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite stands out as a promising alternative to the existing methods for scalable graphene fabrication. However, factors governing the electrochemical process and the underlying mechanism are complex and how to effectively control the exfoliation process is far from completely clear despite many attempts in previous works. Herein, for the first time, capillary infiltration, anodic oxidation and their dependence on temperature were found to be critical in determining the electrolyte infiltration and the anodic oxidation process. On this basis, we achieved tuning of sheet dimensions (both thickness and lateral size) and surface chemistry of graphene by facilely controlling the temperature (5-95 °C). Four kinds of graphene materials featuring small size, porosity, water dispersibility and large size can be selectively fabricated in the same electrolyte system at different temperatures. Especially, low-temperature exfoliation results in high yields (99.5%) of small-sized graphene, which is a new breakthrough for electrochemical methods. The finding and associated mechanism of temperature's influence on both capillary infiltration and anodic oxidation not only deepen our understanding of the electrochemical exfoliation, but also make electrochemistry a versatile technique for graphene fabrication.