Acoustofluidic bioassembly induced morphogenesis for therapeutic tissue fabrication.

To build in vitro tissues for therapeutic applications, it is essential to replicate the spatial distribution of cells that occurs during morphogenesis in vivo. However, it remains technically challenging to simultaneously regulate the geometric alignment and aggregation of cells during tissue fabrication. Here, we introduce the acoustofluidic bioassembly induced morphogenesis, which is the combination of precise arrangement of cells by the mechanical forces produced by acoustofluidic cues, and the morphological and functional changes of cells in the following in vitro and in vivo cultures. The acoustofluidic bioassembly can be used to create tissues with regulated nano-, micro-, and macro-structures. We demonstrate that the neuromuscular tissue fabricated with the acoustofluidic bioassembly exhibits enhanced contraction dynamics, electrophysiology, and therapeutic efficacy. The potential of the acoustofluidic bioassembly as an in situ application is demonstrated by fabricating artificial tissues at the defect sites of living tissues. The acoustofluidic bioassembly induced morphogenesis can provide a pioneering platform to fabricate tissues for biomedical applications.