A Rare Homozygous AP4S1 Variant in Rwandan Siblings with Autosomal Recessive Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Type 52 (SPG52).

Background/Objectives: Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 52 (SPG52) is a rare, inherited neurodevelopmental condition passed down in an autosomal recessive pattern. In this report, we describe two siblings from Rwanda who exhibited classic signs of the disorder, including progressive lower-limb spasticity, significant delays in motor development, and exaggerated deep tendon reflexes. Methods: Genetic testing through Whole-Exome Sequencing (WES) reveals a rare homozygous splice-site variant (NM_001128126.3:c.295-3C>A) in the AP4S1 gene. Results: Despite the severity of symptoms, both children responded positively to treatment with muscle relaxants and regular physiotherapy. Notably, MRI scans of the brain and spine showed no structural abnormalities. Conclusions: By documenting this case, we add to the growing understanding of SPG52, particularly within under-represented Sub-Saharan African populations, and underscore the critical role of early genetic testing in guiding timely diagnosis and intervention.