Pigeons integrate visual motion signals differently than humans.

Perceiving motion is a fundamental ability for animals. Primates integrate local 1D motion across orientation and space to compute a rigid 2D motion. It is unknown whether the rule of 2D motion integration is universal within the vertebrate clade; comparative studies of animals with different ecological backgrounds from primates may help answer that question. Here we investigated 2D motion integration in pigeons, using hierarchically structured motion stimuli, namely a barber-pole illusion and plaid motion. The pigeons were trained to report the direction of motion of random dots. When a barber-pole or plaid stimulus was presented, they reported the direction perpendicular to the grating orientation for barber-pole and the vector average of two component gratings for plaid motion. These results demonstrate that pigeons perceive different directions than humans from the same motion stimuli, and suggest that the 2D integrating rules in the primate brain has been elaborated through phylogenetic or ecological factors specific to the clade.