Precision parameter estimation in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells using depth information enhanced Differential Evolution.

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) models require parameter tuning for their design and performance improvement. In this study, Depth Information-Based Differential Evolution (Di-DE) algorithm, a novel and efficient metaheuristic approach, is applied to the complex, nonlinear optimization problem of PEMFC parameter estimation. The Di-DE algorithm was tested on twelve PEMFCs (BCS 500 W PEMFC, Nedstack 600 W PS6 PEMFC, SR-12 500 W PEMFC, H-12 PEMFC, STD 250 W PEMFC, HORIZON 500 W PEMFC and four 250W PEMFC and two H-12 12W PEMFC) and showed excellent accuracy. The Di-DE algorithm is was compared with other advanced evolutionary algorithms like iwPSO, CLPSO, DNLPSO, SLPSO, SaDE, SHADE, JADE, QUATRE, LSA, QUATRE-EMS and C-QUATRE, which obtained a minimum objective function value of 0.0255 and an average runtime improvement of 98.8%. The optimized parameters of the proposed method yielded the Sum of Squared Errors (SSE) as low as 0.00002 in some cases, which indicates better precision and stability. Moreover, the voltage-current (V-I) and power-voltage (P-V) characteristics predicted by Di-DE were within 1% error relative to the experimental data for all tested PEMFCs. The results of this work highlight the potential of the Di-DE algorithm to enable more sophisticated modelling and optimization of PEMFCs, which in turn will help to broaden the use of PEMFCs in clean energy applications.