Abstract
This current study reports, for the first time, on the potent cytotoxicity of (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, as well as its cellular and molecular apoptotic mechanisms against Panc1 cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of three compounds, namely (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), gallic acid (2), and pyrogallol (3), which were isolated from C. rotang leaf, was investigated against certain cancer and normal cells using the MTT assay. The cellular apoptotic activity and Panc1 cell cycle impact of compound (1) were examined through flow cytometry analysis and Annexin V-FITC cellular apoptotic assays. Additionally, RT-PCR was employed to evaluate the effect of compound (1) on the Panc1 apoptotic genes Casp3 and Bax, as well as the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2. (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside demonstrated the highest cytotoxic activity against Panc1 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 7.6 µM. In comparison, gallic acid exhibited an IC50 value of 21.8 µM, and pyrogallol showed an IC50 value of 198.2 µM. However, (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside displayed minimal or no significant cytotoxic activity against HepG2 and MCF7 cancer cells as well as WI-38 normal cells, with IC50 values of 45.8 µM, 108.7 µM, and 194. µM, respectively. (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (10 µM) was demonstrated to induce cellular apoptosis and cell growth arrest at the S phase of the cell cycle in Panc1 cells. These findings were supported by RT-PCR analysis, which revealed the upregulation of apoptotic genes (Casp3 and Bax) and the downregulation of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2. This study emphasizes the significant cellular potency of (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside in specifically inducing cytotoxicity in Panc1 cells.