Assessment of risk factors to Green, Lean, Six Sigma adoption in construction sector: Integrated ISM-MICMAC approach.

The construction industry consumes significant resources, emits considerable pollutants, and generates substantial waste. Green, Lean, Six Sigma (GLS) is an emerging paradigm to control waste, carbon footprint, resource conservation, non-value-added activities, and cost. However, limited focus has been given to the risks involved in GLS construction projects (GLSCPs). This research explored risk factors (RFs) to GLSCPs based on literature review and expert judgments. Brainstorming sessions were conducted to validate the RFs and establish mutual interactions among them through experts' opinions. A 4-level structural model was extracted through Interpretive structural modeling (ISM). The Matriced Impacts Croise's Multiplication Appliqée a UN Classement (MICMAC) was integrated to assess the 'driving' and 'dependence' power of the RFs. The results show that all RFs are crucial and impact GLSCPs, but the most critical are 'unstable inflation,' 'fluctuations in interest rate,' and 'fluctuations in exchange rate.' This study enhances managers' and policymakers' understanding of RFs associated with GLSCPs and supports effective risk management for successful GLS implementation in construction projects.