Detection of asbestos-based cement rooftops in conflict-affected settings using EnMAP hyperspectral data: a research article.

In volatile, conflict-affected regions, rapidly mapping asbestos-cement rooftops is critical to mitigate health risks from airborne fibres. Over a 4-month field campaign (Nov 2023-Apr 2024), we partnered with the Israel Space Agency and Ministry of Environmental Protection to acquire disturbance-free field spectra at multiple Kibbutzim, Moshavim and cities, using an ASD FieldSpec 4 High-Res with both the SoilPro® apparatus and contact probe to build a comprehensive spectral library (Sup Figs. 5-14). Leveraging EnMAP Level 2A hyperspectral imagery (17 May 2024), we applied MNF noise reduction, precise co-registration, and cloud/shadow masking before executing eight supervised classifiers; Linear Spectral Unmixing, Support Vector Machine, Spectral Angle Mapper, Adaptive Coherence Estimator, Mahalanobis Distance, Maximum Likelihood, Spectral Information Divergence, and Matched Filtering, in an iterative filtering cascade. Exhaustive ground-truth surveys across villages and cities achieved an 86% positive match rate despite urban complexity and security-driven coordinate restrictions. This integrative workflow combining rigorous field calibration, multi-algorithm spectral filtering, and exhaustive validation, demonstrates that orbit-based hyperspectral data can reliably map asbestos hazards at scale, guiding timely emergency response and long-term remediation in high-risk settings.