In-body current path manipulation with minimal attenuation.

Wireless power transfer-based neuromodulation has emerged as a promising alternative to battery-powered implants. However, its practical application is hindered by limited therapeutic efficacy resulting from low power transfer efficiency, shallow penetration depth, and safety concerns. In this study, we report an in-body current path manipulation and concentration for advanced targeted neuromodulation, overcoming the limitations of conventional technologies. By implanting a focusing electrode, we were able to direct the triboelectric current, which has a low frequency and high impedance generated by human movement, toward the target area, with the concentrated current exhibiting minimal attenuation regardless of the electrode size, implantation site, and depth. Applying our technology to modulate damaged neural systems confirmed therapeutic efficacy and validated safety, demonstrating its potential for next-generation targeted neuromodulation.