Enhancing skin permeation of Phlai oil and ginger extracts through lipid nanoparticle encapsulation for anti-inflammatory topical products.

BACKGROUND: The increasing demand for effective and safe pain management solutions, particularly for chronic conditions, has led to a focus on topical products that provide targeted relief with minimal systemic side effects. This study aims to develop an innovative anti-inflammatory topical formulation utilizing phlai (Zingiber cassumunar) oil and ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract, both of which are recognized for their potent anti-inflammatory properties. METHODS: Nanostructured lipid particles (NPOs) were prepared using a hot homogenization technique followed by ultrasonication, incorporating varying ratios of ginger extract and phlai oil. The physicochemical properties, encapsulation efficiency, and stability of the NPOs were systematically investigated. In vitro permeation studies were conducted using Franz diffusion cells to assess skin penetration. The anti-inflammatory efficacy was evaluated in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by measuring levels of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and PGE2. RESULTS: The NPO formulation improved skin penetration of 6-gingerol compared to conventional solutions, as evidenced by higher cumulative permeation and flux values. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed deeper skin penetration of Nile red dye when delivered via the NPOs. The combination of phlai oil and ginger extract showed enhanced anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting NO production by up to 75.98% and TNF-α by 70.03%. Additionally, the combination treatment inhibited PGE2 levels by 62.34%, which was greater than the effects observed with each individual extract. These results indicate that the NPO-based formulation not only enhances the delivery of bioactive compounds but also enhances their therapeutic potential through combined action. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that NPO-based formulations have the potential to effectively deliver herbal extracts transdermally, improving skin penetration and anti-inflammatory effects. This approach offers a promising avenue for developing natural topical pain relief solutions, leveraging the therapeutic benefits of traditional herbal medicine. By enhancing dermal absorption and ensuring stability, this study contributes to the development of safe and effective topical products for integrative health care. However, further research, including clinical trials and in vivo studies, is needed to validate the efficacy and safety of this formulation compared to existing treatments.