Abstract
Iron overload is a prevalent pathological factor observed among elderly individuals and those with specific hematological disorders, and is frequently associated with an elevated incidence of osteoporosis. Although arctiin (ARC) has been shown to possess antioxidant properties and the ability to mitigate bone degeneration, its mechanism of action in the treatment of iron overload‑induced osteoporosis (IOOP) remains incompletely understood. To explore the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of ARC, the MC3T3‑E1 cell osteoblast cell line was used. Cell Counting Kit was used to assess MC3T3‑E1 cell viability. Alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining were assessed for osteogenic differentiation. Calcein AM assay was used to assess intracellular iron concentration. In addition, intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxides, mitochondrial ROS, apoptosis rate and mitochondrial membrane potential changes in MC3T3‑E1 cells were examined using flow cytometry and corresponding fluorescent dyes. The relationship between ARC and the PI3K/Akt pathway was then explored by western blotting and immunofluorescence. In addition, the effects of ARC on IOOP was verified using an iron overload mouse model. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate expression of osteogenesis‑related proteins. Micro-CT and H&E were used to analyze bone microstructural parameters and histomorphometric indices in the bone tissue. Notably, ARC treatment reversed the decreased viability and increased apoptosis in MC3T3‑E1 cells originally induced by ferric ammonium citrate, whilst promoting the formation of mineralized bone nodules in MC3T3‑E1 cells. Furthermore, iron overload induced a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, augmented lipid peroxidation and increased the accumulation of ROS in MC3T3‑E1 cells. ARC not only positively regulated the anti‑apoptotic and osteogenic capabilities of these cells via modulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, but also exhibited antioxidant properties by reducing oxidative stress. In vivo experiments confirmed that ARC improved bone microarchitecture and biochemical parameters in a mouse model of iron overload. In conclusion, ARC exhibits potential as a therapeutic agent for IOOP by modulating the PI3K/Akt pathway, and via its anti‑apoptotic, antioxidant and osteogenic properties.