Abstract
The anabolic effects of β 2-adrenoceptor (β 2-AR) agonists on skeletal muscle have been demonstrated in various species. However, the clinical use of β 2-AR agonists for skeletal muscle wasting conditions has been limited by their undesired cardiovascular effects. Here, we describe the preclinical pharmacological profile of a novel 5-hydroxybenzothiazolone (5-HOB) derived β 2-AR agonist in comparison with formoterol as a representative β 2-AR agonist that have been well characterized. In vitro, 5-HOB has nanomolar affinity for the human β 2-AR and selectivity over the β 1-AR and β 3-AR. 5-HOB also shows potent agonistic activity at the β 2-AR in primary skeletal muscle myotubes and induces hypertrophy of skeletal muscle myotubes. Compared with formoterol, 5-HOB demonstrates comparable full-agonist activity on cAMP production in skeletal muscle cells and skeletal muscle tissue-derived membranes. In contrast, a greatly reduced intrinsic activity was determined in cardiomyocytes and cell membranes prepared from the rat heart. In addition, 5-HOB shows weak effects on chronotropy, inotropy, and vascular relaxation compared with formoterol. In vivo, 5-HOB significantly increases hind limb muscle weight in rats with attenuated effects on heart weight and ejection fraction, unlike formoterol. Furthermore, changes in cardiovascular parameters after bolus subcutaneous treatment in rats and rhesus monkeys are significantly lower with 5-HOB compared with formoterol. In conclusion, the pharmacological profile of 5-HOB indicates superior tissue selectivity compared with the conventional β 2-AR agonist formoterol in preclinical studies and supports the notion that such tissue-selective agonists should be investigated for the safe treatment of muscle-wasting conditions without cardiovascular limiting effects.