Abstract
Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase (Wip1) is induced by p53 in response to stress, which results in the dephosphorylation of proteins (i.e. p38 MAPK, p53, and uracil DNA glycosylase) involved in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint pathways. p38 MAPK-p53 signaling is a unique way to induce Wip1 in response to stress. Here, we show that c-Jun directly binds to and activates the Wip1 promoter in response to UV irradiation. The binding of p53 to the promoter occurs earlier than that of c-Jun. In experiments, mutation of the p53 response element (p53RE) or c-Jun consensus sites reduced promoter activity in both non-stressed and stressed A549 cells. Overexpression of p53 significantly decreased Wip1 expression in HCT116 p53(+/+) cells but increased it in HCT116 p53(-/-) cells. Adenovirus-mediated p53 overexpression greatly decreased JNK activity. Up-regulation of Wip1 via the p38 MAPK-p53 and JNK-c-Jun pathways is specific, as demonstrated by our findings that p38 MAPK and JNK inhibitors affected the expression of the Wip1 protein, whereas an ERK inhibitor did not. c-Jun activation occurred much more quickly, and to a greater extent, in A549-E6 cells than in A549 cells, with delayed but fully induced Wip1 expression. These data indicate that Wip1 is activated via both the JNK-c-Jun and p38 MAPK-p53 signaling pathways and that temporal induction of Wip1 depends largely on the balance between c-Jun and p53, which compete for JNK binding. Moreover, our results suggest that JNK-c-Jun-mediated Wip1 induction could serve as a major signaling pathway in human tumors in response to frequent p53 mutation.