Abstract
Inactivated vaccines are the main influenza vaccines used today; these are usually presented as split (detergent-disrupted) or subunit vaccines, while whole-virus-inactivated influenza vaccines are rare. The single radial immune diffusion (SRD) assay has been used as the gold standard potency assay for inactivated influenza vaccines for decades; however, more recently, various alternative potency assays have been proposed. A new potency test should be able to measure the amount of functional antigen in the vaccine, which in the case of influenza vaccines is the haemagglutinin (HA) protein. Potency tests should also be able to detect the loss of potency caused by changes to the structural and functional integrity of HA. To detect such changes, most alternative potency tests proposed to date use antibodies that react with native HA. Due to the frequent changes in influenza vaccine composition, antibodies may need to be updated in line with changes in vaccine viruses. We have developed two ELISA-based potency assays for group 1 influenza A viruses using cross-reactive nanobodies. The nanobodies detect influenza viruses of subtype H1N1 spanning more than three decades, as well as H5N1 viruses, in ELISA. We found that the new ELISA potency assays are sensitive to the nature of the reference antigen (standard) used to quantify vaccine antigens; using standards matched in their presentation to the vaccine type improved correspondence between the ELISA and SRD assays.