Abstract
The host's intestinal microbiota contributes to endocrine and metabolic responses, but a dysbiosis in this environment can lead to obesity and insulin resistance. Recent work has demonstrated a role for microbial metabolites in the regulation of gut hormones, including the metabolic hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a bacterial cell wall component which has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice by acting through the nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) receptor. The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of MDP on GLP-1 secretion and glucose regulation. We hypothesized that MDP enhances glucose tolerance by inducing intestinal GLP-1 secretion through NOD2 activation. First, we observed a significant increase in GLP-1 secretion when murine and human L-cells were treated with a fatty acid MDP derivative (L18-MDP). Importantly, we demonstrated the expression of the NOD2 receptor in mouse intestine and in L-cells. In mice, two intraperitoneal injections of MDP (5 mg/kg body weight) caused a significant increase in fasting total GLP-1 in chow-fed mice, however this did not lead to an improvement in oral glucose tolerance. When mice were exposed to a high-fat diet, they eventually lost this MDP-induced GLP-1 release. Finally, we demonstrated in L-cells that hyperglycemic conditions reduce the mRNA expression of NOD2 and GLP-1. Together these findings suggest MDP may play a role in enhancing GLP-1 during normal glycemic conditions but loses its ability to do so in hyperglycemia.