Abstract
Tissue-engineered bones (TEB) are a promising strategy for treating large segmental bone defects. However, the application of TEB is greatly limited by technical and logistical issues caused by the viable cells used. The aim of the present study was to devise novel TEB, termed functional TEB (fTEB) using devitalized mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with the functional proteins retained. TEB were fabricated by seeding MSCs on demineralized bone matrix (DBM) scaffolds. fTEB were prepared with deep hyperthermia treatment. Total proteins were extracted from fTEB and conditioned media (CM) were prepared. The effects of fTEB-CM on the proliferation, differentiation and migration of host MSCs were assessed. Following lyophilization, the majority of the MSCs were devitalized, but the proteins within the TEB were retained in fTEB. Similar to TEB, fTEB outperformed the DBM in inducing migration, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. The abundance of cytokines in fTEB was also determined. fTEB were shown to be a promising alternative to TEB. Thus, they might serve as off-the-shelf tissue engineering products, meeting the high demands for bone substitutes in the clinical setting.