Abstract
Background:
Tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA) is not only a recognized mechanism for paraneoplastic thrombocytosis but also a potential breakthrough alternative for a low response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in hematogenous metastasis of malignant melanoma (MM). However, there is no TCIPA-specific model for further investigation of the relationship among TCIPA, the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and metastasis.
Methods:
We developed a TCIPA metastatic melanoma model with advanced hematogenous metastasis and enhanced TCIPA characteristics. We also investigated the pathway for TCIPA in the TIME.
Results:
We found that TCIPA triggers the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to lung metastases by secreting B16 cell-educated platelet-derived chemokines such as CCL2, SDF-1, and IL-1β. Larger quantities of TAMs in the TCIPA model were polarized to the M2 type by B16 cell reprocessing, and their surface programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression was upregulated, ultimately assisting B16 cells in escaping host immunity and accelerating MM hematogenous metastasis.
Conclusions:
TCIPA accelerates MM lung metastasis via tumor-educated platelets (TEPs), triggering TAM recruitment, promoting TAM polarization (M2), and remodeling the suppressive TIME in lung metastases.