Abstract
Background and Aims: The tumor microenvironment can be divided into inflamed, immune-excluded and immune-desert phenotypes according to CD8+ T cell categories with differential programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1) expression. The study aims to construct a novel immunotype-based risk stratification model to predict postsurgical survival and adjuvant trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) response in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: A total of 220 eligible HCC patients participated in this study. CD8 + T cell infiltration and PD-L1 expression mode were estimated by immunohistochemical staining. A risk stratification model was developed and virtualized by a nomogram that integrated these independent prognostic factors. The postoperative prognosis and adjuvant TACE benefits were evaluated with a novel immunotype-based risk stratification model. Results: A total of 220 patients were finally identified. Immune-desert, immune-excluded, and inflamed immunotypes represented 45%, 24%, and 31% of HCC, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified immunotype and PD-L1 expression mode as independent prognostic factors for overall survival time (OS) and recurrence-free survival time (RFS). The nomogram was constructed by integrating immunotype, PD-L1 expression, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage and tumor grade. The C-index was 0.794 in the training cohort and 0.813 in the validation cohort. A risk stratification system was constructed based on the nomogram classifying HCC patients into 3 risk groups. The average OS times in the low-risk, intermediate-risk and high-risk groups in all cohorts were 77.1 months (95% CI 71.4-82.9), 53.7 months (95% CI 48.2-59.2), and 25.6 months (95% CI 21.4-29.7), respectively. Further analysis showed that OS was significantly improved by adjuvant TACE in the low- and intermediate-risk groups (P=0.041 and P=0.010, respectively) but not in the high-risk group (P=0.398). Conclusion: A novel immunotype-based risk stratification model was built to predict postoperative prognosis and adjuvant TACE benefit in HCC patients. These tools can assist in building a more customized method of HCC treatment.