Abstract
Cellular metabolism must adapt rapidly to environmental alterations and adjust nutrient uptake. Low glucose availability activates the AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) pathway. We demonstrate that activation of AMPK or the downstream Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase (ULK1) inhibits receptor-mediated endocytosis. Beyond limiting dextran uptake, this activation prevents endocytic uptake of human pathogenic enveloped and non-enveloped, positive- and negative-stranded RNA viruses, such as yellow fever, dengue, tick-borne encephalitis, chikungunya, polio, rubella, rabies lyssavirus, and SARS-CoV-2, not only in mammalian and insect cells but also in precision-cut lung slices and neuronal organoids. ULK1 activation inhibited enveloped viruses but not EV71. However, receptor presentation at the cytoplasmic membrane remained unaffected, indicating that receptor binding was unchanged, while later stages of endocytosis were targeted via two distinct pathways. Drug-induced activation of the AMPK pathway reduced early endocytic factor TXNIP by suppressing translation. In contrast, the amounts of Rab5 and the late endosomal marker Rab7 decreased due to translation inactivation and ULK1-dependent proteasome activation within minutes. Furthermore, activation of AMPK hindered the late replication steps of SARS-CoV-2 by reducing viral RNAs and proteins and the endo-lysosomal markers LAMP1 and GRP78, suggesting a reduction in early and late endosomes and lysosomes. Inhibition of the PI3K and mTORC2 pathways, which sense amino acid and growth factor availability, promotes AMPK activity and blocks viral entry. Our results indicate that AMPK and ULK1 emerge as restriction factors of cellular endocytosis, impeding the receptor-mediated endocytic entry of enveloped and non-enveloped RNA viruses.