Abstract
Extra-nigral central nervous system sites have been found to be affected in Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition to substantia nigra, degeneration of spinal cord motor neurons may play a role in the motor symptoms of PD. To this end, hybrid rodent VSC 4.1 cells differentiated into motoneurons were used as a cell culture model following exposure to Parkinsonian neurotoxicant MPP+. SJA6017, a cell-permeable calpain inhibitor, was tested for its neuroprotective efficacy against the neurotoxicant. SJA6017 attenuated MPP+-induced rise in intracellular free Ca2+ and concomitant increases in the active form of calpain. It also significantly prevented increased levels of proteases and their activities, as shown by reduced levels of 145 kDa calpain-specific and 120 kDa caspase-3-specific spectrin breakdown products. Exposure to MPP+ elevated the levels of reactive oxygen species in VSC 4.1 motoneurons; this was significantly diminished with SJA6017. The motor proteins in spinal motoneurons, i.e., dynein and kinesin, were also impaired following exposure to MPP+ through calpain-mediated mechanisms; this process was partially ameliorated by SJA6017 pretreatment. Cytoprotection provided by SJA6017 against MPP+-induced damage to VSC 4.1 motoneurons was confirmed by restoration of membrane potential via whole-cell patch-clamp assay. This study demonstrates that calpain inhibition is a prospective route for neuroprotection in experimental PD; moreover, calpain inhibitor SJA6017 appears to be an effective neuroprotective agent against MPP+-induced damage in spinal motoneurons.